There exists interacted relationship between environment and human activity. From primitive society

agriculture society to industry society

the relationship

which have gone through four phases: dependence on nature

interference complying with nature

interference nature and return to nature

has been changing all the way. Regarding the change of climate and environment as background and water resource as main line

each phase shows evolution characteristic of man land relationship against time and space. To compare with a synthetic study of the development of climate show that although it has been characterizing drought consecutively since about 4kaB.P. in southern Xinjiang

several relative humid periods can be identified

and abrupt dry warming time boundaries are indicated at 3.0kaB.P.

2.0kaB.P.

1.5kaB.P.

1.0kaB.P. and 0.2kaB.P.. These above mentioned abrupt climatic warm dryness basically coincide well with the periods of the phases of ancient cities abandoned in southern Xinjiang and also with the rise and decline of the ancient Silk Road. The quasi correlation between the changes of climate and the type and content of man land relationship imply that the natural evolution of climate and environment perhaps play an another very important role in affecting man land relationship in arid area. To study and to understand the evolution mechanism of man land relationship of the extreme arid area provides scientific basis for harmonizing man land relationship of this area.